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Industry Highlights GST Inverted Duty Structure as Working Capital Burden

TaxIntelHub · 17 April 2026 · Last updated 18 Apr 2026

The GST inverted duty structure, where inputs are taxed at higher rates than finished goods, continues to burden several sectors with significant working capital blockage and potential refund delays.

The GST inverted duty structure working capital issues remain a persistent challenge for specific industries. This anomaly arises when the GST rate on inputs is higher than the rate on finished goods, leading to an accumulation of input tax credit (ITC). Affected businesses, primarily in sectors like textiles, fertilizers, and steel utensils, face working capital constraints as the excess ITC gets stuck. While the government allows refunds of unutilized ITC in such cases, the process can be cumbersome and time-consuming, further straining their finances. The policy rationale behind the inverted duty structure was often to protect domestic industries or address specific sectoral needs. However, the unintended consequence is a distortion in the GST chain and increased compliance burden. Addressing this issue through rate rationalization or streamlined refund mechanisms is crucial for ensuring a smoother GST regime and easing the financial burden on affected businesses.

Section 54 of the CGST Act, 2017, allows for refunds of unutilized ITC in cases of inverted duty structure. However, Rule 89 of the CGST Rules prescribes the detailed procedure for claiming such refunds, which can be complex and subject to interpretation. The interplay between Section 54 and Rule 89 often leads to disputes and litigation.

The persistence of the inverted duty structure highlights the need for a comprehensive review of GST rates and their impact on various sectors. While rate rationalization is a politically sensitive issue, it is essential for creating a more efficient and equitable GST system. Businesses should proactively engage with industry associations and the government to advocate for necessary changes.

The GST was implemented in 2017 with the aim of creating a unified and simplified indirect tax system. However, legacy issues and specific industry concerns led to the creation of an inverted duty structure in certain sectors. This structure was intended to be a temporary measure, but it has persisted in several industries, creating ongoing challenges.

Working capital impact
ITC accumulation strains finances.
Refund delays
Prolonged refund processes exacerbate issues.
Rate rationalization need
GST rate adjustments are crucial.

The inverted duty structure necessitates careful financial planning and efficient ITC management by businesses. CAs and CFOs must proactively engage with the GST authorities to resolve refund issues and advocate for policy changes.

Monitor upcoming GST Council meetings for potential rate revisions and policy changes aimed at addressing the inverted duty structure.

How to claim GST refund under inverted duty structure?
Claiming a GST refund under the inverted duty structure involves filing Form GST RFD-01A on the GST portal, along with supporting documents. Ensure accurate reporting of input and output supplies to avoid rejection or delays.
Which sectors are affected by GST inverted duty structure?
Sectors significantly affected by the GST inverted duty structure include textiles, fertilizers, steel utensils, and certain pharmaceutical products. These industries typically have higher input GST rates compared to their output GST rates.

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